3D Structural Geology. A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map Interpretation

1.  Elements of Map-Scale Structure

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Representation of a Structure in Three Dimensions
1.3. Map Units and Contact Types
1.4. Thickness
1.5. Folds
1.6. Faults
1.7. Sources of Structural Data an Related Uncertainties

2. Location and Attitude

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Location
2.3. Orientations of Lines and Planes
2.4. Finding the Orientations of Planes
2.5. Apparent Dip
2.6. Structure Contours
2.7. Intersecting Contoured Surfaces
2.8. Derivation: Tangent Diagram on a Spreadsheet
2.9. Exercises

3. Structure Contouring

3.1. Introduction
3.2. Structure Contouring
3.3. Structural Style in Contouring
3.4. Contouring Techniques
3.5. Mapping from Profiles
3.6. Adding Information to the Data Base
3.7. Exercises

4. Thickness Measurements and Thickness Maps

4.1. Thickness of Plane Beds
4.2. Thickness of Folded Beds
4.3. Thickness Maps
4.4. Derivation: Map-Angle Thickness Equation
4.5. Exercises

5. Fold Geometry

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Trend from Bedding Attitudes
5.3. Dip Domain Fold Geometry
5.4. Axial Surfaces
5.5. Using the Trend in Mapping
5.6. Minor Folds
5.7. Growth Folds
5.8. Exercises

6. Cross Sections, Data Projection and Dip-Domain Mapping

6.1. Introduction
6.2. Cross-Section Preliminaries
6.3. Illustrative Cross Sections
6.4. Predictive Cross-Section Construction
6.5. Changing the Dip of the Section Plane
6.6. Data projection
6.7. Dip-Domain Mapping from Cross Sections
6.8. Derivations
6.9. Exercises

7. Properties of Faults

7.1. Introduction
7.2. Recognition of Faults
7.3. Unconformities
7.4. Displacement
7.5. Geometric Properties of Faults
7.6. Growth Faults
7.7. Fault-Cut Correlation Criteria
7.8. Exercises

8. Faulted Surfaces

8.1. Introduction
8.2. Geometry of a Faulted Surface
8.3. Constructing a Faulted Marker Horizon
8.4. Fault Cutoff Maps and Allan Diagram
8.5. Fault on Isopach Maps
8.6. Displacement Transfer
8.7. Crossing Faults
8.8. Exercises

9. Dip-Sequence Analysis

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Curvature Models
9.3. Dip Components
9.4. Analysis of Uniform Dip
9.5. Analysis of Folds
9.6. Analysis of Faults
9.7. Exercises

10. Quality Control

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Data Errors and Contouring Artifacts

10.3. Trend Incompatibilities

10.4. Bed Thickness Anomalies

10.5. Unlikely or Impossible Fault Geometries

10.6. Exercises

11. Structural validation, Restoration, and Prediction

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Restoration and Balance

11.3. Strain and strain Partitioning

11.4. Area-Balance Methods

11.5. Rigid-Body Displacement

11.6. Flexural-Slip Deformation

11.7. Simple-Shear Deformation

11.8. Fault-Parallel Simple Shear

11.9. Pure Shear Deformation

11.10. Exercises

12. Direction Cosines and Vector Geometry

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Direction Cosines of Lines

12.3. Attitude of a plane from Three Points

12.4. Vector Geometry of Lines and Planes

References Cited

Index